General

1. In what capacity are you completing this questionnaire? (e.g. policy officer, association member, owner of an object, etc.). Urban.brussels is the public authority responsible for cultural heritage conservation (at regional level).
2. As explained above, within the Netherlands we do use an umbrella term – mobile heritage. Do you also have and use such an umbrella term and if so, what does it include? In Belgium, ‘movable’ assets (roerend erfgoed) refer to the concept of ‘movable’ assets in civil law, as opposed to ‘immovable’ assets, which are considered to be fixed assets. Movable heritage can be moved. We do not consider goods that can move ‘by themselves” in a specific category. They are part of movable property. The ‘mobile’ assets covered by this questionnaire (means of transport in particular) are therefore, for us, a specific sub-category of our movable assets and is treated the same way.

Protection

1. Is mobile heritage protected by law in your country?
   • If so, in what form and to what extent? Theoretically, yes: the regional law (ordinance) of 25 April 2019 on movable heritage makes it possible to classify treasures, including in this category of objects. However, this ordinance has not yet fully come into force.
   • Is there a legal register or list of protected objects? If so: How was this selection made? Not yet.
   • Additionally: Are there any lists or registers without legal status in your country that play a role in the protection of mobile heritage? Our inventory includes a ‘means of transport’ sub-category https://collections.heritage.brussels/
   • Are there government or fund/lottery grants for mobile heritage conservation? If so, which acts on mobile heritage are subsidised? Not yet.
2. Would you agree that mobile heritage should be preserved in working condition (in working order) – if possible? This could be a criterion for good conservation.
3. What role do umbrella organisations, museums, volunteers, and private owners play within the mobile heritage sector in your country in protecting mobile heritage? Does the government have a role in this too (see also below)? The public administration (government) is the guarantor of the conservation and enhancement of cultural heritage (including movable heritage in all its aspects) – however, it acts in close partnership with the public and private institutions that conserve this heritage (not-for-profit organisations, museums, local authorities, religious institutions, etc.). Some museums are dedicated to these specific assets, such as the Tram Museum or Trainworld, Autoworld. Other museums keep items of this type in their larger collections (Art & History Museum, War Heritage Institute).
4. What relationship exists between mobile heritage in your country and other areas of the heritage sector such as built heritage/monuments, museum collections, cultural landscape and intangible heritage? In 2014, the Brussels Region inherited responsibility for movable and intangible heritage, which has since extended its remit to cover all areas of cultural heritage (built, natural, archaeological, movable and intangible). The same authority is now responsible for all heritage of regional interest.
   • In general: What is the outlook for mobile heritage in use (used) in your country? There is no policy envisaged at present on this particular aspect in Brussels region.

Sustainability

Most mobile heritage vehicles do make use of fossil fuels. The use and availability of these fuels is at odds with set climate goals.

1. To what extent are there thoughts about making mobile heritage more sustainable, for example by phasing out fossil fuels and using more sustainable energy? These issues are not currently being addressed at regional cultural heritage level.
   • by the government
   • by owners, museums, or private organisations: we have no information about it. 
   • What opportunities and/or obstacles do you see around the use of synthetic/sustainable fuels for mobile heritage? Think for example also about exemptions for mobile heritage in the use of fuels.
2. Are there specific policies aimed at encouraging sustainable behaviour among mobile heritage owners?
   • Are concrete actions or projects taking place to make mobile heritage more sustainable? If so, do you know of any practical examples you can and/or would like to share with us?
   • Are there partnerships or activities organised in which sustainability is encouraged or facilitated for mobile heritage owners? The Brussels Region does not yet have any experience or policy in this area in terms of its movable heritage.

General

1. In what capacity are you completing this questionnaire? (e.g. policy officer, association member, owner of an object, etc.). Government institution (Flanders Heritage Agency).
2. As explained above, within the Netherlands we do use an umbrella term – mobile heritage. Do you also have and use such an umbrella term and if so, what does it include? No, we do not. We only have the term ‘Historic Vessels’ (varend erfgoed) and the related regulations. Historic vessels include vessels/ships, but also floating equipment (urban grain suction dredger, floating raft crane). Other mobile heritage is not protected by the Flanders Heritage Agency. Due to the historical division of heritage between movable (roerend) and immovable (onroerend) in Belgium, other ‘mobile’ heritage falls under the jurisdiction of the Department of Culture, Youth and Media.

Protection

1. Is mobile heritage protected by law in your country?
• If so, in what form and to what extent? Historic vessels with a high heritage value can also benefit from legal protection. There are no specific protection regulations in Flanders for other mobile heritage (driving, flying, etc.). A decree has been made for certain ‘top pieces’ (Topstukkendecreet). The list of ‘top pieces’ contains several flying objects. Historic vessels are protected in the Flemish Region (Varenderfgoeddecreet en een Varenderfgoedbesluit). Historic vessels can be included in an inventory (Inventaris van het varend erfgoed). The inventory is made available digitally.
• Is there a legal register or list of protected objects? If so: How was this selection made? There is a list of protected historic vessels and a list of vessels in the verified inventory. In order to inventory and/or protect the historic vessels, the varenderfgoeddecreet (law) was adopted in 2002. The definition of historic vessels is: het nautisch erfgoed dat kan varen of drijven, of dat in de vaart kan worden gebracht of drijvend kan worden gemaakt, inzonderheid de schepen, de boten en de drijvende inrichtingen met inbegrip van hun uitrusting en van hun voortstuwingsmiddelen, waarvan het behoud van algemeen belang is wegens hun historische, wetenschappelijke, industrieel-archeologische, esthetische of andere sociaal-culturele waarde;There is a list of protected historic vessels and a list of vessels in the verified inventory. 
• Additionally: Are there any lists or registers without legal status in your country that play a role in the protection of mobile heritage? The “floating” heritage is kept in the inventory mentioned above. The decree determines the criteria for being considered “heritage”. An analysis determines the historical, scientific, industrial-archaeological, aesthetic or other socio-cultural value from which the heritage derives its current or future social meaning. There may also be local inventories without further legal consequences.
• Are there government or fund/lottery grants for mobile heritage conservation? If so, which acts on mobile heritage are subsidised? The Flemish government awards money for protected historic vessels. (maintenance and restoration and putting or keeping in service, more information in the next question). A number of associations operate within the sector that are committed to the care of historic vessels. These are usually part of the umbrella association “Watererfgoed Vlaanderen”.
2. Would you agree that mobile heritage should be preserved in working condition (in working order) – if possible? It has become clear that a well-functioning historic vessel offers the best chance of survival. Working condition assumes good condition and therefore regular maintenance. Use of the object is also an important intangible component of the heritage value. So in principle: yes, but in practice not everything is protected in working condition.
3. What role do umbrella organisations, museums, volunteers, and private owners play within the mobile heritage sector in your country in protecting mobile heritage? Does the government have a role in this too (see also below)? The sector plays an important role in the maintenance of heritage, supported by the legal framework. The sector also ensures the social relevance of the heritage. The government generally does not support the functioning of the sectoral associations on a regular basis, but rather on a project basis. Museums that highlight water-related heritage often receive support from local, provincial and regional authorities.
4. What relationship exists between mobile heritage in your country and other areas of the heritage sector such as built heritage/monuments, museum collections, cultural landscape and intangible heritage? In Flanders, regulations regarding historic vessels arose out of the demands of civil society. Because the predecessors of the Flanders Heritage Agency had a strong presence in the field of monuments, landscape and archaeology, the initiative was taken by the minister responsible for monuments, landscapes and archaeology. The implementation of the decree was placed within the Flanders Heritage Agency. The decree is therefore based on the regulations regarding monument care in the period in which it was established (2002).
• In general: What is the outlook for mobile heritage in use (used) in your country? The longer-term prospects are not yet known. In any case, the inventory is a good method to better map historic vessels and to strengthen substantive knowledge about them. In the evaluation of the historic vessels carried out in 2023-2024, it was concluded that support for the management of the protected vessels led to a positive conservation result in half of the objects. It had no or moderate influence on the other vessels.

Sustainability

Most mobile heritage vehicles do make use of fossil fuels. The use and availability of these fuels is at odds with set climate goals.

1. To what extent are there thoughts about making mobile heritage more sustainable, for example by phasing out fossil fuels and using more sustainable energy? The environment is always in focus when it comes to ships and maritime facilities. It will increasingly become a challenge to reconcile heritage care for a vessel with increasingly strict regulations. There are for example difficulties for ships with a mechanical drive such as an engine.  Other contradictions are also noticeable. For example, vessels must protect themselves against the potentially harmful effects of water. The measures needed to make vessels watertight or to protect them from harmful organisms in the aquatic environment, are often harmful to nature. Traditional methods from shipbuilding and ship maintenance can sometimes no longer be applied.

    

• by the government: Not by the Flanders Heritage Agency.
• by owners, museums, or private organisations: /
• What opportunities and/or obstacles do you see around the use of synthetic/sustainable fuels for mobile heritage? Think for example also about exemptions for mobile heritage in the use of fuels: Given the limited amount of protected vessels, this is not really realistic. Increases in environmental regulations do put pressure on the preservation of historic vessels, as noted in the answer above.
2. Are there specific policies aimed at encouraging sustainable behaviour among mobile heritage owners? No.
• Are concrete actions or projects taking place to make mobile heritage more sustainable? If so, do you know of any practical examples you can and/or would like to share with us? N/A
• Are there partnerships or activities organised in which sustainability is encouraged or facilitated for mobile heritage owners? N/A

General

1. In what capacity are you completing this questionnaire? (e.g. policy officer, association member, owner of an object, etc.). Policy officer (Ministry of Culture and Media of Republic of Croatia). 
2. As explained above, within the Netherlands we do use an umbrella term – mobile heritage. Do you also have and use such an umbrella term and if so, what does it include? We use the term historical vehicles within movable cultural heritage. It includes all historical vehicles: boats and ships, trains and trams, cars, motorcycles, and other road vehicles, aircrafts, sail gliders, fire trucks, and hearses, carriages driven by horses, submarines, farm equipment and military vehicles.

Protection

1. Is mobile heritage protected by law in your country? Yes, mobile heritage within movable cultural heritage is protected by Law on the Protection and Preservation of Cultural Property. https://www.zakon.hr/z/340/Zakon-o-za%C5%A1titi-i-o%C4%8Duvanju-kulturnih-dobara
• If so, in what form and to what extent? For mobile heritage within movable cultural heritage the law regulates the status of cultural property, obligations and rights of the owners, evaluation criteria and protection measures, as well as activities for objects’ improvement of physical state. It also regulates protection standards and guidelines, approvals for conservation works and monitoring, administrative and inspection tasks, financing of the protection and conservation, prevention of illegal activities that could directly or indirectly change the form, meaning, appearance and value of cultural property, as well as prevention of illegal traffic and supervision over the export and import of cultural property and protection in the circumstances of potential risks and disasters.
• Is there a legal register or list of protected objects? If so: How was this selection made? 

  The Register of Cultural Property of the Republic of Croatia is a public record of cultural property kept by the Ministry of Culture and Media. The Register is published on the webpage of the Ministry with the exception of movable cultural heritage, but this information can be obtained upon request. T he selection was made following the proposals from regional Conservation Departments, evaluations of experts for historical vehicles and evaluation from the Commission for Register of the Ministry. Historical vehicles as museum objects and museum collections automatically acquire the status of cultural property by inscription in the public museum inventories.

• Additionally: Are there any lists or registers without legal status in your country that play a role in the protection of mobile heritage? We have such a list of cultural heritage recorded in the central inventory and in the database of the cultural heritage of Republic of Croatia.
• Are there government or fund/lottery grants for mobile heritage conservation? If so, which acts on mobile heritage are subsidised? We have the government funding for registered movable cultural heritage conservation (including mobile) and a form of complementary funding prescribed by the law called “the monument rent”. All acts regarding financing cultural heritage refer to immovable, movable and intangible cultural heritage. 
2. Would you agree that mobile heritage should be preserved in working condition (in working order) – if possible? Yes, we agree if all the conditions are met.
3. What role do umbrella organisations, museums, volunteers, and private owners play within the mobile heritage sector in your country in protecting mobile heritage? Does the government have a role in this too (see also below)? The Ministry of Culture and Media with its institutions and museums play the most important role in the mobile heritage sector in collaboration with some private owners. However, an important percentage of privately owned historical vehicles are not inscribed/registered as cultural property and therefore cannot apply for financial support from the state (Ministry).
4. What relationship exists between mobile heritage in your country and other areas of the heritage sector such as built heritage/monuments, museum collections, cultural landscape and intangible heritage? Mobile heritage is equally regarded and valued as all other types of cultural property.
• In general: What is the outlook for mobile heritage in use (used) in your country? Most historical vehicles are exhibited in museums or other public spaces. There are some historical vehicles on water still in use.

Sustainability

Most mobile heritage vehicles do make use of fossil fuels. The use and availability of these fuels is at odds with set climate goals.

1. To what extent are there thoughts about making mobile heritage more sustainable, for example by phasing out fossil fuels and using more sustainable energy?
• by the government: Law on Climate Change and Ozone Layer Protection, https://www.zakon.hr/z/2435/Zakon-o-klimatskim-promjenama-i-za%C5%A1titi-ozonskog-sloja Since very few historical vehicles on water are in use, we do not know of efforts to replace their fossil fuels engines with more sustainable propulsions.

• by owners, museums, or private organisations: For private owners and organisations, we do not have accurate information at the moment.
• What opportunities and/or obstacles do you see around the use of synthetic/sustainable fuels for mobile heritage? Think for example also about exemptions for mobile heritage in the use of fuels: We mostly encounter financial obstacles and lack of means of private owners to replace fossil fuels with more sustainable sources of energy without help and support from public institutions. We also encounter the lack of awareness of the importance to replace fossil with sustainable fuels. However, active use of such vehicles is minimal and has negligeable impact on overall pollution.
2. Are there specific policies aimed at encouraging sustainable behaviour among mobile heritage owners? We still don’t have specific policies to encourage sustainable behaviour among mobile heritage owners. 
• Are concrete actions or projects taking place to make mobile heritage more sustainable? If so, do you know of any practical examples you can and/or would like to share with us? In addition to established strategic documents, in the process of mitigating the effects of climate change, it will be our future task to think of concrete actions or projects and work on awareness-raising with private owners to make mobile heritage more sustainable.
• Are there partnerships or activities organised in which sustainability is encouraged or facilitated for mobile heritage owners? Not yet, but we will try to intensify activities and partnerships to encourage sustainable behavior among mobile heritage owners.

General

1. In what capacity are you completing this questionnaire? (e.g. policy officer, association member, owner of an object, etc.). My name is Hannu Matikka and I am working as a Senior Advisor at the Finnish Heritage Agency. At my work Transport Heritage is one of my main tasks.  My work includes e.g. cooperation with third sector actors and national and local museums dealing with Transport Heritage. I am also responsible for Transport heritage grants as an official of the Finnish Heritage Agency (the FHA).
2. As explained above, within the Netherlands we do use an umbrella term – mobile heritage. Do you also have and use such an umbrella term and if so, what does it include? In Finland we use the term Transport Heritage.

Protection

1. Is mobile heritage protected by law in your country?
• If so, in what form and to what extent? In Finland there is no special legislation for the protection of means of transport, but Rail traffic Act, Vehicles Act, Aviation Act and Act on the Technical Safety and Safe Operation of Ships take into account historically valuable means of transport so that their use can continue under certain safety conditions defined in the acts.
• Is there a legal register or list of protected objects? If so: How was this selection made? No register based on legislation, but the registers mentioned below maintained by the FHA are mentioned in the legislation.
• Additionally: Are there any lists or registers without legal status in your country that play a role in the protection of mobile heritage? 

  Finnish Heritage Agency lists the ships and boats classified as valuable in terms of Finnish merchant shipping and pleasure boating. Listed vessels has to be at least 50 years old. Currently, 93 ships and 270 pleasure boats are listed. The Finnish Railway Museum, in cooperation with the Finnish Heritage Agency, local railway museums and railway enthusiasts, has started an inventory of the preserved railway units. The goal is to list certain historically valuable railway units in the near future. The State Railways has started an inventory of the historical equipment it owns, together with the Finnish Railway Museum and the FHA. The Finnish Aviation Museum has inventoried the preserved aircraft a few years ago. A working group has been assembled to think about the valuation of historical aircraft. There’s circa 65 000 road transport vehicles officially approved as a museum vehicle based on the statement of the national registered museum vehicle organization. A museum vehicle has to be at least 30 years old and kept or restored in a condition similar to the original. The museum vehicle must not be a used in everyday traffic. This register is maintained by the Finnish Vehicle Historical Society. 

• Are there government or fund/lottery grants for mobile heritage conservation? If so, which acts on mobile heritage are subsidised? 

  The FHA grants economical support (Lottery Funds) to transport cultural heritage projects. The aim of the grants is to ensure the proper management and use of means of Transport Heritage classified as valuable. The care and use is appropriate when it is:

  • active, communal, inclusive, accessible and equal
  • maintain competence and increase understanding
  • take into account the goals of responsible consumption and sustainable economic growth 
  • affects the preservation of transport environments (harbours, garages, railways, workshops etc) 
  • maintain and develop sustainable cultural tourism activities

   The FHA grants are prioritized for projects to preserve or restore the means of transport to operable condition.

2. Would you agree that mobile heritage should be preserved in working condition (in working order) – if possible? The answer is yes, depending on the condition and value of the means of transport. The museums have their own role to preserve means of transport, but unfortunately museums rarely have the resources needed to maintain means of transport in use that match the value of the object. In Finland, we have chosen to grant financial support to means of transport owned by NGO´s and private persons – not those preserved statically in museums collections.

3. What role do umbrella organisations, museums, volunteers, and private owners play within the mobile heritage sector in your country in protecting mobile heritage? Does the government have a role in this too (see also below)? The FHA appoints every three years four boards (railway, road, aviation and water transport), which assist the FHA e.g. in evaluating grant applications and determining the value of means of transport. The members of the board comprehensively represent the specialized expertise of the field. Representatives of authorities, museums and NGO´s organizations, as well as experts in restoration and conservation, are invited to join the boards. About 35 NGOs are represented on these boards, representing a total of around 50,000 enthusiasts.
4. What relationship exists between mobile heritage in your country and other areas of the heritage sector such as built heritage/monuments, museum collections, cultural landscape and intangible heritage? Common problems are the aging of enthusiast, the loss of know-how and the especially disappearance of proper storage and restoration facilities.
• In general: What is the outlook for mobile heritage in use (used) in your country?

Sustainability

Most mobile heritage vehicles do make use of fossil fuels. The use and availability of these fuels is at odds with set climate goals.

1. To what extent are there thoughts about making mobile heritage more sustainable, for example by phasing out fossil fuels and using more sustainable energy?
• by the government: Nothing so far.
• by owners, museums, or private organisations: National NGOs are preparing e.g. instructions for the environmentally friendly use and maintenance of means of transport (especially in road traffic).
• What opportunities and/or obstacles do you see around the use of synthetic/sustainable fuels for mobile heritage? Think for example also about exemptions for mobile heritage in the use of fuels: Sorry but can’t answer this question precisely. 
2. Are there specific policies aimed at encouraging sustainable behaviour among mobile heritage owners?
• Are concrete actions or projects taking place to make mobile heritage more sustainable? If so, do you know of any practical examples you can and/or would like to share with us? There have been some discussions in recent years about, for example, the introduction of electric motors in combustion engine-powered boats and ships.
• Are there partnerships or activities organised in which sustainability is encouraged or facilitated for mobile heritage owners?

General

1. In what capacity are you completing this questionnaire? (e.g. policy officer, association member, owner of an object, etc.). Association Member (VDL).
2. As explained above, within the Netherlands we do use an umbrella term – mobile heritage. Do you also have and use such an umbrella term and if so, what does it include? Cultural monuments that are movable under property law are movable cultural monuments. They can include all objects included in the Dutch definition. However, this definition is not about something being defined by its mobility. This means that it not only includes transport objects, but also objects that are not permanently attached to a piece of land and are not an essential part of the property location (definition in the German Civil Code).

Protection

1. Is mobile heritage protected by law in your country?
• If so, in what form and to what extent?  All 16 federal states have their own monument protection laws with their own regulations on movable cultural monuments. In almost all federal states, movable cultural assets are referred to in the monument protection laws, but the federal states of Saxony and Berlin only seem to use this term for archaeological monuments (finds). For the state monument authorities, movable cultural monuments play a minor role in terms of numbers: Currently, only 837 movable cultural monuments (not archaeological monuments!) are registered throughout Germany. That is just 0.1% of all architectural monuments in Germany.
• Is there a legal register or list of protected objects? If so: How was this selection made? Like immovable cultural monuments, movable cultural monuments are entered in the register of monuments for historical, artistic, technical, local history or scientific reasons. In contrast to immovable cultural monuments, however, in most federal states the entry is a constitutive administrative act, while immovable cultural monuments are entered ipso iure for information purposes.
• Additionally: Are there any lists or registers without legal status in your country that play a role in the protection of mobile heritage? Not for the state monument authorities, but the German Society for the Protection of Cultural Property, maintain lists of endangered mobile cultural assets or cultural assets that are of particular interest for preservation. As the International Council of Museums (ICOM) maintains the ‘Red List’, which identifies cultural objects that are particularly at risk, all without legal status.
• Are there government or fund/lottery grants for mobile heritage conservation? If so, which acts on mobile heritage are subsidised? For mobile heritage registered as monuments, there are the same funding opportunities through the federal government, the states, the municipalities or the German Foundation for Monument Protection as for immovable heritage. In addition, there are also the cultural heritage foundations of the states. The same measures can be financed as for immovable cultural monuments.
2. Would you agree that mobile heritage should be preserved in working condition (in working order) – if possible? Individual decision depending on the respective context. 
3. What role do umbrella organisations, museums, volunteers, and private owners play within the mobile heritage sector in your country in protecting mobile heritage? Does the government have a role in this too (see also below)? No difference to registered immovable cultural monuments.
4. What relationship exists between mobile heritage in your country and other areas of the heritage sector such as built heritage/monuments, museum collections, cultural landscape and intangible heritage? In addition to the stricter rules for its registration, movable heritage enjoys the same protection and access to funding as immovable heritage. The state monuments authorities are not responsible for intangible heritage.
• In general: What is the outlook for mobile heritage in use (used) in your country?

Sustainability

Most mobile heritage vehicles do make use of fossil fuels. The use and availability of these fuels is at odds with set climate goals.

1. To what extent are there thoughts about making mobile heritage more sustainable, for example by phasing out fossil fuels and using more sustainable energy? Since there are only a very small number of 837 registered movable cultural monuments in Germany, sustainability considerations play no role here, especially since these are not always transport objects.
• by the government
• by owners, museums, or private organisations
• What opportunities and/or obstacles do you see around the use of synthetic/sustainable fuels for mobile heritage? Think for example also about exemptions for mobile heritage in the use of fuels: It always depends on the individual case. Just as historic roofs can in many cases be used to generate solar energy, the options for movable cultural monuments must also be examined on a case-by-case basis.
2. Are there specific policies aimed at encouraging sustainable behaviour among mobile heritage owners? Because of the small number of objects: no. 
• Are concrete actions or projects taking place to make mobile heritage more sustainable? If so, do you know of any practical examples you can and/or would like to share with us?
• Are there partnerships or activities organised in which sustainability is encouraged or facilitated for mobile heritage owners?

General

1. In what capacity are you completing this questionnaire? (e.g. policy officer, association member, owner of an object, etc.). I answer in function of the State Archaeologist of Westphalia.
2. As explained above, within the Netherlands we do use an umbrella term – mobile heritage. Do you also have and use such an umbrella term and if so, what does it include? The law in North Rhine-Westphalia (DSchG/Heritage Monument Protection Act) designates archaeological finds as mobile heritage.

Protection

1. Is mobile heritage protected by law in your country? Yes, it is.
   • If so, in what form and to what extent? Mobile heritage is protected by the law.
   • Is there a legal register or list of protected objects? If so: How was this selection made? The legal register of finding-locations are listed by the Lower Monument authority, in future the list will be maintained by the the department of the LWL-Archaeology of Westphalia.
   • Additionally: Are there any lists or registers without legal status in your country that play a role in the protection of mobile heritage? No.
   • Are there government or fund/lottery grants for mobile heritage conservation? If so, which acts on mobile heritage are subsidised? No.
2. Would you agree that mobile heritage should be preserved in working condition (in working order) – if possible? Yes.
3. What role do umbrella organisations, museums, volunteers, and private owners play within the mobile heritage sector in your country in protecting mobile heritage? Does the government have a role in this too (see also below)? The protection of mobile heritage is the task of the LWL-Archaeology of Westphalia.
4. What relationship exists between mobile heritage in your country and other areas of the heritage sector such as built heritage/monuments, museum collections, cultural landscape and intangible heritage?
   • In general: What is the outlook for mobile heritage in use (used) in your country? If mobile heritage is another word for archaeological finds only the government office is responsible (LWL-Archaeology).

Sustainability

Most mobile heritage vehicles do make use of fossil fuels. The use and availability of these fuels is at odds with set climate goals.

1. To what extent are there thoughts about making mobile heritage more sustainable, for example by phasing out fossil fuels and using more sustainable energy?
   • by the government
   • by owners, museums, or private organisations
   • What opportunities and/or obstacles do you see around the use of synthetic/sustainable fuels for mobile heritage? Think for example also about exemptions for mobile heritage in the use of fuels. We have no experience with this, because we are an archaeological government.
2. Are there specific policies aimed at encouraging sustainable behaviour among mobile heritage owners?
   • Are concrete actions or projects taking place to make mobile heritage more sustainable? If so, do you know of any practical examples you can and/or would like to share with us? No.
   • Are there partnerships or activities organised in which sustainability is encouraged or facilitated for mobile heritage owners? No.

General

1. In what capacity are you completing this questionnaire? (e.g. policy officer, association member, owner of an object, etc.). Senior Executive Officer for Movable Cultural Heritage, National Inventory and Scheduling. 
2. As explained above, within the Netherlands we do use an umbrella term – mobile heritage. Do you also have and use such an umbrella term and if so, what does it include? N/A

Protection

1. Is mobile heritage protected by law in your country?
• If so, in what form and to what extent? The Maltese Cultural Heritage Act 2002 (CHA 445) is the National legal framework for the protection
  of cultural heritage goods, over 50 years of age, or any other item deemed to be of cultural significance.
• Is there a legal register or list of protected objects? If so: How was this selection made? The National Inventory includes cultural heritage objects which fall within the category of mobile heritage; and its compilation is done in keeping with our Cultural Heritage Act 2002 (CHA445). Items

  included in the National Inventory are individually reviewed by professional officers and must be of significant cultural heritage value. Their value is determined via pre-established criteria.

• Additionally: Are there any lists or registers without legal status in your country that play a role in the protection of mobile heritage? The growing interest in related historic objects and structures has seen to the establishment of Malta Industrial Heritage Association, and the Malta Railway Foundation amongst others.
• Are there government or fund/lottery grants for mobile heritage conservation? If so, which acts on mobile heritage are subsidised? None of which the undersigned is aware of.
2. Would you agree that mobile heritage should be preserved in working condition (in working order) – if possible? If it is possible to retain proper working condition without heavily altering such mobile heritage items, then in principle it is agreed that this will improve their state and conservation.
3. What role do umbrella organisations, museums, volunteers, and private owners play within the mobile heritage sector in your country in protecting mobile heritage? Does the government have a role in this too (see also below)? In partial reiteration, the protection of all cultural heritage property, including those of a mobile heritage nature, fall under the protection of our legal framework. Where such items are proposed for
   restoration, movement, export or reported to be put at risk, the Superintendence of Cultural Heritage may intervene to ensure that these are safeguarded.
4. What relationship exists between mobile heritage in your country and other areas of the heritage sector such as built heritage/monuments, museum collections, cultural landscape and intangible heritage?
• In general: What is the outlook for mobile heritage in use (used) in your country? The relationship between mobile heritage and other areas within the heritage sector depends on the nature of the items as well as their origin, use and state. An example where overlapping is likely to
  occur, is an historic building of an industrial nature which still retains a collection of items directly related to the purpose of the structure. This would merit a different approach to collections which are retained in an unrelated building. A local illustration of this relationship is the recently restored Farsons Brewery, which saw to the conservation of historic kettles and related equipment, as well as the restoration of the brewery/ factory. Such projects are overseen by Superintendence officials to ensure a holistic approach and result.

Sustainability

Most mobile heritage vehicles do make use of fossil fuels. The use and availability of these fuels is at odds with set climate goals.

1. To what extent are there thoughts about making mobile heritage more sustainable, for example by phasing out fossil fuels and using more sustainable energy?
• by the government
• by owners, museums, or private organisations: Not in a position to respond. No information at present.
• What opportunities and/or obstacles do you see around the use of synthetic/sustainable fuels for mobile heritage? Think for example also about exemptions for mobile heritage in the use of fuels: The adoption of synthetic/ sustainable fuels will require mobile heritage items to be altered to house a new system. For some collectors, and even in terms of conservation principles, this may be seen as jeopardising to the originality and preservation of the mobile heritage item. An exemption for classic cars, for example, can be tolerated if these are only used during weekends or registered events.
2. Are there specific policies aimed at encouraging sustainable behaviour among mobile heritage owners?
• Are concrete actions or projects taking place to make mobile heritage more sustainable? If so, do you know of any practical examples you can and/or would like to share with us? None of which the undersigned is aware of.
• Are there partnerships or activities organised in which sustainability is encouraged or facilitated for mobile heritage owners? None of which the undersigned is aware of.

General

1. In what capacity are you completing this questionnaire? (e.g. policy officer, association member, owner of an object, etc.). Policy officer, Dutch Ministry of Culture.
2. As explained above, within the Netherlands we do use an umbrella term – mobile heritage. Do you also have and use such an umbrella term and if so, what does it include? N/A

Protection

1. Is mobile heritage protected by law in your country?
• If so, in what form and to what extent? Currently it’s not protected by the national government. However, it is theoretically possible. We are currently researching how and whether the law properly provides for the protection of mobile heritage. Some local governments have protected mobile heritage based on local law (ships, trams, historical busses). In other cases mobile heritage is protected as being part of a collection of a museum, in some cases a state funded museum (example is the national military museum). 
• Is there a legal register or list of protected objects? If so: How was this selection made? No.
• Additionally: Are there any lists or registers without legal status in your country that play a role in the protection of mobile heritage? Yes: NRME (mobielecollectienederland.nl) This register could be used in deciding which objects need legal protection. Additionally there is the description of the transport history illustrated by a list of excellent examples: Toonbeelden van mobiel erfgoed.
• Are there government or fund/lottery grants for mobile heritage conservation? If so, which acts on mobile heritage are subsidised? Yes, the ‘restoration mobile heritage’ grant by Mondriaanfonds. This grant is intented for the restoration and repair of mobile heritage, with a focus on its (sustainable) preseveration. The Mondriaanfonds is state funded.
2. Would you agree that mobile heritage should be preserved in working condition (in working order) – if possible? Yes, in general. Because the working, moving, condition is what makes mobile heritage especially stand out. 
3. What role do umbrella organisations, museums, volunteers, and private owners play within the mobile heritage sector in your country in protecting mobile heritage? Does the government have a role in this too (see also below)? They do play an important role as for much of mobile heritage is owned and maintained by private individuals and volunteers. The government is in close contact with the various umbrella organisations, that have united in the ‘Mobiele Collectie Nederland’ (MCN). MCN can address their bottlenecks to the government (the Ministry of Education, Culture and Science in this case), for example in the field of sustainability and legislation and regulations made by other ministries. Next to that, the RCE organises the ‘Mobile Heritage Platform’ several times a year for owners and others involved. Various relevant topics are discussed here.
4. What relationship exists between mobile heritage in your country and other areas of the heritage sector such as built heritage/monuments, museum collections, cultural landscape and intangible heritage?
• In general: What is the outlook for mobile heritage in use (used) in your country? There are some relationships, for instance between organisations that address the preservation of some type of engines which can be found in both mobile heritage and build heritage (for example steam engines in both trains en historic pumping stations). Also the communities that are active in de preservation of mobile heritage and maintaining and exercising specific crafs for this purpose can be seen as intangible heritage. There are several museums for (different types of) mobile heritage (almost all of them are not national museums) or occasionally have mobile heritage in their collection. 

Sustainability

Most mobile heritage vehicles do make use of fossil fuels. The use and availability of these fuels is at odds with set climate goals.

1. To what extent are there thoughts about making mobile heritage more sustainable, for example by phasing out fossil fuels and using more sustainable energy?
• by the government: The Ministry of Culture is currently reviewing its standpoint on mobile heritage, including the role of sustainability. Current policy is mainly aimed at providing knowledge and raising awareness (for example by organizing ‘platform meetings’  concerning sustainability), as well as stimulating greening of the sector. For example, the Mondriaan Fonds (one of the public cultural funds) provides funding for the restoration of mobile heritage, provided the activities also include improving sustainability in some form.
• by owners, museums, or private organisations: Efforts to become more sustainable vary greatly within subsectors of mobile heritage. These reflect an innate desire to become more sustainable, but also the threat to (literally) come to a standstill, because of regulations or fossil fuel no longer being available in the future.
• What opportunities and/or obstacles do you see around the use of synthetic/sustainable fuels for mobile heritage? Think for example also about exemptions for mobile heritage in the use of fuels: Most policy regarding sustainability and alternative fuels is aimed at ‘normal’/new vehicles and is focussed on electrification or use of hydrogen. While some mobile heritage could be eligible, this is not an option for most objects. These obstacles are often technical, financial or could harm the historical integrity of the object. This focus on electrification and hydrogen leads to a decreased focus on alternative fuels (such as HVO), making them more expensive and difficult to obtain.
2. Are there specific policies aimed at encouraging sustainable behaviour among mobile heritage owners?
• Are concrete actions or projects taking place to make mobile heritage more sustainable? If so, do you know of any practical examples you can and/or would like to share with us? See also the answers above. The ministry of culture is currently investigating the need of specific policy encouraging sustainable behaviour, in addition to generic climate policy by the Dutch government.
• Are there partnerships or activities organised in which sustainability is encouraged or facilitated for mobile heritage owners? The Netherlands has an active community of organizations, uniting owners of specific sub sectors of mobile heritage. Although not all owners are involved or active in such organizations, they play a significant role in their particular sub sector. Attention to or encouragement of sustainability is mostly dependant of the ambitions of these organizations. For example, several organisations for the preservation of historical ships are united in a ‘platform sustainable heritage ships’ (Platform duurzaam varend erfgoed). This, among other initiatives has also lead to a sector-wide statement (issued by the umbrella organization MCN) aiming to work and become more sustainable (while also staying ‘mobile’).

General

1. In what capacity are you completing this questionnaire? (e.g. policy officer, association member, owner of an object, etc.). Monument Board of Slovak republic – I am responsible to technical heritage. 
2. As explained above, within the Netherlands we do use an umbrella term – mobile heritage. Do you also have and use such an umbrella term and if so, what does it include? Dopravné dedičstvo – Transport heritage – It include all historical vehicles and building infrastructure too (harbours, bridges, tunnels, railway buildings, depots, etc). 

Protection

1. Is mobile heritage protected by law in your country? Mobile heritage is protected same ways as other heritage – Monument Act and Act about museums and galleries. 
• If so, in what form and to what extent? The Monument Act – protect some Mobile heritage – one part is listed as movable monuments (trains and one ship) and second part as immovable monuments (tanks, armoured trains, plane wreckage as part of war memorial). The Act is about museums and galleries – museum collections of Mobile heritage.

• Is there a legal register or list of protected objects? If so: How was this selection made? Monument Board of Slovak republic have register all monument heritage included transport heritage too. All museums have to make evidence. Official evidence veteran cars is in the competence of the Association of Historic Vehicle Collectors of the Slovak Republic.
• Additionally: Are there any lists or registers without legal status in your country that play a role in the protection of mobile heritage? No.
• Are there government or fund/lottery grants for mobile heritage conservation? If so, which acts on mobile heritage are subsidised? No. 
2. Would you agree that mobile heritage should be preserved in working condition (in working order) – if possible? Yes. 
3. What role do umbrella organisations, museums, volunteers, and private owners play within the mobile heritage sector in your country in protecting mobile heritage? Does the government have a role in this too (see also below)? Monument Board of Slovak Republic – protection and evidence most important mobile heritage (if they aren´t part of museum collection); Slovak Technical Museum – department Transport Museum Bratislava – 3 ships, some cars and trains exhibitions; Slovak Technical Museum – department Aviation Museum Košice – airplanes collection, some car exhibition; Railway Museum – department Bratislava a department Vrútky – trains collection; Museum of Čiernyhron railway – specialised to forest/wood railway and trains; …. and some small railway museums and veteran clubs.

4. What relationship exists between mobile heritage in your country and other areas of the heritage sector such as built heritage/monuments, museum collections, cultural landscape and intangible heritage? Most of the historical mobile heritage is stored in buildings belonging to the given type of monument heritage.
• In general: What is the outlook for mobile heritage in use (used) in your country? The use of vintage cars and trains is encouraged – existed special licence to operation in traffic. 

Sustainability

Most mobile heritage vehicles do make use of fossil fuels. The use and availability of these fuels is at odds with set climate goals.

1. To what extent are there thoughts about making mobile heritage more sustainable, for example by phasing out fossil fuels and using more sustainable energy? These questions are out of my competence.
• by the government
• by owners, museums, or private organisations
• What opportunities and/or obstacles do you see around the use of synthetic/sustainable fuels for mobile heritage? Think for example also about exemptions for mobile heritage in the use of fuels.
2. Are there specific policies aimed at encouraging sustainable behaviour among mobile heritage owners? N/A
• Are concrete actions or projects taking place to make mobile heritage more sustainable? If so, do you know of any practical examples you can and/or would like to share with us?
• Are there partnerships or activities organised in which sustainability is encouraged or facilitated for mobile heritage owners?

General

1. In what capacity are you completing this questionnaire? (e.g. policy officer, association member, owner of an object, etc.). It is completed by the Assistant-Director and Senior Curator of the Technical Museum of Slovenia and advisors for museum at the Directorate of Cultural Heritage.
2. As explained above, within the Netherlands we do use an umbrella term – mobile heritage. Do you also have and use such an umbrella term and if so, what does it include? Our heritage is divided into tangible and intangible. Tangible heritage is further divided to movable and immovable.  Historical vehicles or means of transport are part of technical heritage, which is an umbrella term for tangible and intangible heritage in the field of engineering, technology and science.

Protection

1. Is mobile heritage protected by law in your country?
• If so, in what form and to what extent? It is protected by the Cultural Heritage Protection Act (ZVKD-1). This Act provides procedures and mechanisms for cultural heritage protection as part of a broader policy for heritage conservation. It is protected as a part of museum collections or other private or public possession. The level of protection increases, if an object is a national treasure. Historic vehicles have a specific status in traffic according to the provisions of FIVA.
• Is there a legal register or list of protected objects? If so: How was this selection made? According to the law, this status is given to heritage that represents a distinct achievement of creativity or makes a valuable contribution to cultural diversity, is an important part of life in the territory of the Republic of Slovenia or its regions, or represents an important source for understanding historical processes, phenomena, and their connection with current culture. Each museum has an adopted act on collection policy, on the basis of which it allocates the appropriate status of heritage. Museums maintain registers and records of heritage for the area of ​​their competence.
• Additionally: Are there any lists or registers without legal status in your country that play a role in the protection of mobile heritage? In Slovenia, there are private collections of mobile heritage that do not have legal status as there is currently no public register for all collections. However, there are lists kept by individual associations and private organizations. E.g., historic vehicles are registered also at the national associations for specific means of transport.
• Are there government or fund/lottery grants for mobile heritage conservation? If so, which acts on mobile heritage are subsidised? Public museums are financed from state or municipal budgets. The funds also include conservation costs.
2. Would you agree that mobile heritage should be preserved in working condition (in working order) – if possible? In the past, we had many challenges in this area. Today, when it comes to heritage working condition, we strictly follow the ICOM code of ethics, which says: The collections policy may include special considerations for certain types of working collections where the emphasis is on preserving cultural, scientific, or technical process rather than the object, or where objects of specimens are assembled for regular handling and teaching purposes. In practice, we keep some objects in working condition, but only those with a lower status (acquisition).
3. What role do umbrella organisations, museums, volunteers, and private owners play within the mobile heritage sector in your country in protecting mobile heritage? Does the government have a role in this too (see also below)? The government (Ministry of Culture) finances the public service of museums, which includes also preservation and presentation of heritage. Museums and other state organizations take care of professional implementation. The section for technical heritage, which operates within the framework of the Association of Museums of Slovenia, is responsible of networking, additional training of museum professionals and connections with foreign experts.  The museum is also legally competent to give instructions and advice to private owners.
4. What relationship exists between mobile heritage in your country and other areas of the heritage sector such as built heritage/monuments, museum collections, cultural landscape and intangible heritage? The protection of cultural heritage is regulated by the same law, and relations are therefore similarly going on.
• In general: What is the outlook for mobile heritage in use (used) in your country? The mobile heritage that is used will be placed in a museum in accordance with the collection policy of the individual institution. Historical vehicles have a general framework for their presentation/driving on events and some specific rules in common traffic.

Sustainability

Most mobile heritage vehicles do make use of fossil fuels. The use and availability of these fuels is at odds with set climate goals.

1. To what extent are there thoughts about making mobile heritage more sustainable, for example by phasing out fossil fuels and using more sustainable energy? Mobile heritage has been already presented in a sustainable way in our country. Based on mobile heritage objects, the issue of fossil fuels is highlighted, and visitors are educated about the importance of using sustainable energy. Exhibitions are set up from sustainable materials and recycled old ones. Temporary exhibitions are prepared to be possibly moved to other institutions and countries.
• by the government
• by owners, museums, or private organisations
• What opportunities and/or obstacles do you see around the use of synthetic/sustainable fuels for mobile heritage? Think for example also about exemptions for mobile heritage in the use of fuels: Most of our heritage in museums is not in use. Based on mobile heritage objects, we can tell different stories, among other things, we can educate them about the use of sustainable energy. The biggest challenge is financial, which limits us in presentation methods.
2. Are there specific policies aimed at encouraging sustainable behaviour among mobile heritage owners? Sustainable behaviour based on European Union guidelines is encouraged by the government, in our case the Ministry of Culture.
• Are concrete actions or projects taking place to make mobile heritage more sustainable? If so, do you know of any practical examples you can and/or would like to share with us? Our collections of mobile heritage remain as they are; we complement them with sustainable acquisitions. Most changing  are our methods of presentation and preservation. Historical vehicles in use are mostly presented on events.
• Are there partnerships or activities organised in which sustainability is encouraged or facilitated for mobile heritage owners? Cooperation of different stakeholders with Ministry of Interior, competent for the traffic, is established, when considering policy and specific cases.

General

1. In what capacity are you completing this questionnaire? (e.g. policy officer, association member, owner of an object, etc.). Representative of a public authority in the field of cultural heritage.
2. As explained above, within the Netherlands we do use an umbrella term – mobile heritage. Do you also have and use such an umbrella term and if so, what does it include? In Sweden no such term is found in legal texts. However, the term “det rörliga kulturarvet”, which is directly translated to mobile heritage, is used generally when speaking about public policy in the field. The term usually comprises different types of historical vehicles used on land, at sea or in the air.

Protection

1. Is mobile heritage protected by law in your country? Currently there is no specific legal protection of mobile heritage, however other laws do include the protection of mobile heritage. E.g. the Swedish Historic Environment Act (1988:950), Chapter 5 “Export protection for certain older cultural objects.”
• If so, in what form and to what extent?
• Is there a legal register or list of protected objects? If so: How was this selection made? There is no legal register or list on protected objects of mobile heritage. However, there is a certificate of legal bearing for traditional ships that enables them to travel on specific international waters (Special Information about Traditional Ships – Transportstyrelsen).
• Additionally: Are there any lists or registers without legal status in your country that play a role in the protection of mobile heritage? To our knowledge only one such list exists: the list of sea vessels with a cultural heritage mark as prescribed by the he Swedish National Maritime and Transport Museums (see list in Swedish here: Lista på k-märkta fartyg (sjohistoriska.se).
• Are there government or fund/lottery grants for mobile heritage conservation? If so, which acts on mobile heritage are subsidised? There are no specific government grants for mobile heritage conservation. However, other grants such as the Swedish National Heritage Board’s grant for cultural heritage conservation can and has been used towards mobile heritage conservation.
2. Would you agree that mobile heritage should be preserved in working condition (in working order) – if possible? Mobile heritage should be preserved to the best possible extent, a working condition of the vehicle is desirable but not a prerequisite for its cultural value. 
3. What role do umbrella organisations, museums, volunteers, and private owners play within the mobile heritage sector in your country in protecting mobile heritage? Does the government have a role in this too (see also below)? In Sweden the mobile heritage sector is entirely driven by a flourishing and active civil society. Central organisations include Motorhistoriska Riksförbundet (Federation of Swedish Historic Vehicles Clubs), Båthistoriska riksförbundet (The Swedish National Boating Society), Svensk flyghistorisk förening (The Swedish Aviation History Society) and Järnvägshistoriska riksförbundet (The Swedish National Railway Historical Society). They are active in promoting increased protection of mobile heritage. The Swedish National Maritime and Transport Museums is also an important actor in the field. This government agency has a responsibility for the maritime and transport history museums in Swedish state care.  Finally, the Swedish National Heritage Board is the responsible public authority on cultural heritage policy including mobile heritage, but currently has no specific mandate on mobile heritage protection. In 2016 the Committee on Cultural Affairs of the Swedish Parliament requested the investigation of the possible inclusion of mobile heritage protection into law. The Government tasked the Swedish National Heritage Board to investigate the matter. In 2018 they published a report which concluded that the legal protection of mobile heritage is both possible and desirable. Specifically, an addition to the Swedish Historic Environment Act (1988:950) was proposed. No further steps to revise the act to include mobile heritage have been taken since.

4. What relationship exists between mobile heritage in your country and other areas of the heritage sector such as built heritage/monuments, museum collections, cultural landscape and intangible heritage?
• In general: What is the outlook for mobile heritage in use (used) in your country? As the mobile heritage sector is fundamentally composed of civil society actors, most of the connections are not with institutions but with other similar actors. Not least those who engage in matters relating to the historic environments in which the mobile heritage exists.

Sustainability

Most mobile heritage vehicles do make use of fossil fuels. The use and availability of these fuels is at odds with set climate goals.

1. To what extent are there thoughts about making mobile heritage more sustainable, for example by phasing out fossil fuels and using more sustainable energy?
• by the government
• by owners, museums, or private organisations: There are initiatives on these matters, but most are ad-hoc and driven by individuals. E.g. there is an on-going attempt by some actors to reduce the use of coal in traditional railway vehicles. On an organizational level most efforts are about reducing the spill of harmful elements such as oil.
• What opportunities and/or obstacles do you see around the use of synthetic/sustainable fuels for mobile heritage? Think for example also about exemptions for mobile heritage in the use of fuels: A concern which actors in the field have raised is that the use of fossil fuel is an intrinsic part of the cultural heritage itself, such as the smell of coal or gasoline, the sound of combustion engines. Therefore, eliminating this part of the cultural heritage can become an obstacle for a sustainable transformation of historic vehicles. Some, however, do not experience this as a limitation and want to e.g. electrify heritage vehicles for its continued use.
2. Are there specific policies aimed at encouraging sustainable behaviour among mobile heritage owners? No such policies currently exist. 
• Are concrete actions or projects taking place to make mobile heritage more sustainable? If so, do you know of any practical examples you can and/or would like to share with us?
• Are there partnerships or activities organised in which sustainability is encouraged or facilitated for mobile heritage owners?

General

1. In what capacity are you completing this questionnaire? (e.g. policy officer, association member, owner of an object, etc.). National Heritage Organisation – Historic Environment Scotland (HES). Collections & Applied Conservation team.
2. As explained above, within the Netherlands we do use an umbrella term – mobile heritage. Do you also have and use such an umbrella term and if so, what does it include? ‘Portable Collections’ is commonly used.

Protection

1. Is mobile heritage protected by law in your country?
• If so, in what form and to what extent? Various legal protections. HES founding legislation is called the ‘Scheme of Delegation for Properties in Care Associated Collections’ and sets out the required management mechanisms and protections, referencing established sector standards and bodies.
• Is there a legal register or list of protected objects? If so: How was this selection made? Our Collections Accession Register is managed via our Collections Management System. Selection is according to our Acquisition Policy.
• Additionally: Are there any lists or registers without legal status in your country that play a role in the protection of mobile heritage? Suggest you contact Museums Association UK, and/or Museums Galleries Scotland for more information.
• Are there government or fund/lottery grants for mobile heritage conservation? If so, which acts on mobile heritage are subsidised? Suggest you contact Museums Association UK, and/or Museums Galleries Scotland for more information.
2. Would you agree that mobile heritage should be preserved in working condition (in working order) – if possible? On a case by case basis depending on the cost-benefit, cultural value etc.
3. What role do umbrella organisations, museums, volunteers, and private owners play within the mobile heritage sector in your country in protecting mobile heritage? Does the government have a role in this too (see also below)? Yes, everyone has a role to play.
4. What relationship exists between mobile heritage in your country and other areas of the heritage sector such as built heritage/monuments, museum collections, cultural landscape and intangible heritage?
• In general: What is the outlook for mobile heritage in use (used) in your country? The HES collections are mainly linked to specific properties in Scotland but there is value in collecting related to intangible cultural heritage too.

Sustainability

Most mobile heritage vehicles do make use of fossil fuels. The use and availability of these fuels is at odds with set climate goals.

1. To what extent are there thoughts about making mobile heritage more sustainable, for example by phasing out fossil fuels and using more sustainable energy?
• by the government
• by owners, museums, or private organisations
• What opportunities and/or obstacles do you see around the use of synthetic/sustainable fuels for mobile heritage? Think for example also about exemptions for mobile heritage in the use of fuels: We consider climate impact when planning collections related activities and look to minimise any impact where possible.
2. Are there specific policies aimed at encouraging sustainable behaviour among mobile heritage owners?
• Are concrete actions or projects taking place to make mobile heritage more sustainable? If so, do you know of any practical examples you can and/or would like to share with us?
• Are there partnerships or activities organised in which sustainability is encouraged or facilitated for mobile heritage owners? 

  Suggest you contact Museums Association UK, and/or Museums Galleries Scotland for more information. 

  The UK Registrars Group has information on sustainable courier practice.

General

1. In what capacity are you completing this questionnaire? (e.g. policy officer, association member, owner of an object, etc.).  Policy officer, Ministry of Culture and Strategic Communications of Ukraine. 
2. As explained above, within the Netherlands we do use an umbrella term – mobile heritage. Do you also have and use such an umbrella term and if so, what does it include? In the legislation of Ukraine, which regulates the museum sphere, the term “mobile heritage” is absent.

Protection

1. Is mobile heritage protected by law in your country?
• If so, in what form and to what extent?
• Is there a legal register or list of protected objects? If so: How was this selection made?
• Additionally: Are there any lists or registers without legal status in your country that play a role in the protection of mobile heritage?
• Are there government or fund/lottery grants for mobile heritage conservation? If so, which acts on mobile heritage are subsidised?

  Since mobile heritage in Ukraine is not allocated into a separate category, it belongs to the general museum fund of Ukraine and is protected by the Laws of Ukraine “On Museums and Museum Affairs”, “On Protection of Cultural Heritage”, “On Export, Import and Return of Cultural Values” and “On Protection of Archaeological Heritage”.

  Museum objects of the Museum Fund of Ukraine are cultural values ​​that are permanently stored on the territory of Ukraine and outside its borders or are subject to return to Ukraine in accordance with international agreements. Museums, legal entities and individuals are obliged to ensure the preservation of the Museum Fund of Ukraine and contribute to its replenishment. Museum objects, museum collections and museum collections of the state part of the Museum Fund of Ukraine are assigned to museums under the right of operational management.

  Currently, work is underway to create a legal register of protected objects. Other registers, including registers without legal status that play a role in the protection of mobile heritage, do not exist in our country.

2. Would you agree that mobile heritage should be preserved in working condition (in working order) – if possible? The vehicles in the state museums are out of working order. However, there are also private museums of retro machinery – cars and motorcycles that are still in good condition and can be used. Some of the vehicles have been is perfectly preserved (so-called “time capsules”), the second is in a completely original state, but with some traces of the passage of time and hardships in operation, and the third – carefully restored. Many of them take part in various exhibitions and historical reconstructions, appear in movies, etc.
3. What role do umbrella organisations, museums, volunteers, and private owners play within the mobile heritage sector in your country in protecting mobile heritage? Does the government have a role in this too (see also below)?

   The creation of private retro museums is usually a private initiative of collectors or organizers of retro festivals.

   The state does not finance the purchase of objects from auctions and collectors, and state museums often do not have a budget for this. At the same time, collectors will buy objects at Ukrainian auctions, clubs or even flea markets, and thus many objects remain in the museum fund of Ukraine or are returned from abroad, even in private ownership.

   The government, represented by the Ministry of Culture and Strategic Communications of Ukraine, ensures the formation and implementation of state policy in the field of museum affairs, forms requirements for state statistical accounting of museums created on the territory of Ukraine;

   – carries out organizational and methodical management, promotes the development of modern museum infrastructure, development of the museum network, creates specialized organizational structures, scientific institutions for scientific-methodical and material-technical support of museums;

   – supervises the activities of state museums, the state of accounting, storage, protection, use and movement of museum objects of the Museum Fund of Ukraine, which are stored in state and private museums;

   – organizes scientific research in the field of museum affairs.

   The partnership between collectors, volunteers and museums can consist not only in donations or gifts, but also in joint projects, exhibitions, research, and social programs.

    

4. What relationship exists between mobile heritage in your country and other areas of the heritage sector such as built heritage/monuments, museum collections, cultural landscape and intangible heritage?
• In general: What is the outlook for mobile heritage in use (used) in your country?

  Museum institutions that store the state part of the Museum Fund of Ukraine are most often located in immovable monuments.

  Movable heritage is used in research, cultural, educational and exhibition work with the aim of attracting citizens to national and world cultural heritage. 

Sustainability

Most mobile heritage vehicles do make use of fossil fuels. The use and availability of these fuels is at odds with set climate goals.

1. To what extent are there thoughts about making mobile heritage more sustainable, for example by phasing out fossil fuels and using more sustainable energy? N/A
• by the government
• by owners, museums, or private organisations
• What opportunities and/or obstacles do you see around the use of synthetic/sustainable fuels for mobile heritage? Think for example also about exemptions for mobile heritage in the use of fuels.
2. Are there specific policies aimed at encouraging sustainable behaviour among mobile heritage owners?  N/A
• Are concrete actions or projects taking place to make mobile heritage more sustainable? If so, do you know of any practical examples you can and/or would like to share with us?
• Are there partnerships or activities organised in which sustainability is encouraged or facilitated for mobile heritage owners?